TOEFL STRUCTURE

The structure section contains sentences that test your knowledge of important structural and grammatical elements of standard written English. These sentences include a variety of topics and give no particular advantage to individuals in any specific field of study.

1.       INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

As the name suggests indefinite pronouns are pronouns that are not definite in meaning. In other words they are not specific in which noun they replace. They may be singular or plural, and must match the verb in number. There are two categories of indefinite pronouns. The first category includes pronouns that refer to a nonspecific noun.

Example  :

If  ...... needs help, they can ask me.

a.        Anything

b.       Everything

c.        Some

d.       Anybody

The answered is D

2.       GERUND

This looks exactly the same as a present participle, and for this reason it is now common to call both forms 'the -ing form'. Howeverit is useful to understand the difference between the two. The gerund always has the same function as a noun (although it looks like a verb).

Example  :     

My friend can ...... English very well.

a.        Speaking

b.       Speak

c.        Spoke

d.       To speak

The answered is B

3.       VERB + PREPOSITION

Prepositional verbs are a group of multi-word verbs made from a verb plus another word or words. Many people refer to all multi-word verbs as phrasal verbs. Prepositional verbs are made of:

verb + preposition

Because a preposition always has an object, all prepositional verbs have direct objects.

Example  :

 

Do you want to comment ...... this issue?

a.        To

b.       For

c.        On

d.       In

The answered is C

4.       ADVERBS

Adverbs modify verbs. They tell you how something is done, when something is done, or where something is done.

Example  :

The girl sang .....

a.        Beautiful

b.        Beautifully

c.         Beauty

d.        Nice

The answered is B

5.       SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

We use the simple present tense to talk about regular or habitual actions.

For most verbs in the simple present tense, you must add an "s" to the end of the verb for he/she/it, as in, "Devan hates the holidays." However, for some verbs, you have to add es for he/she/it, as in, "She watches a lot of TV," or, "He misses his mom." So how do you know when es is necessary? One rule to remember is that any verb ending in ch, sh or ss needs an es, not s, for he/she/it. For the other pronouns, i/you/we/they, regular verbs simply take the basic verb form.For example, "I play basketball," or, "We love watching movies." And remember, you can always put an always in front of a simple present verb to indicate that something happens all the time.

·     POSITIVE + TO BE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE (am/is/are)  +  ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES

·      NEGATIVE + TO BE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE  +  NOT  +  ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES

·     QUESTIONS

TO BE  +  SUBJECT  +  ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES?

Example  :

The train ..... at seven o’clock in the evening tomorrow.

a.        Arrive

b.        Arriving

c.         Leave

d.        Arrives

The answered is D

6.       SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The simple past tense is used to talk about finished actions that happened at a specific time in the past. You state when it happened using a time adverb.

You form the simple past of a verb by adding -ed onto the end of a regular verb but, irregular verb forms have to be learnt.

·     POSITIVE + TO BE

SUBJECT  +  WAS/WERE  +  ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES

·      NEGATIVE + TO BE

SUBJECT  +  WAS/WERE  +  NOT  +  ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES

·     QUESTIONS

WAS/WERE  +  SUBJECT  +  ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES?

Example  :

Were you in Bali ...... ?

a.        Next week

b.        Now

c.         Last week

d.        This evening

The answered is C

7.       PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The present continuous tense is formed from the present tense of the verb be and the present participle (-ing form) of a verb.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE (am/is/are)  +  VERB-ing

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE  +  NOT  +  VERB-ing

·     QUESTIONS

TO BE  +  SUBJECT  +  VERB-ING?

Example  :

My sister ....... (to be/sleep) right now.

a.        Is sleep

b.        Is sleeping

c.         Are sleep

d.        Sleeping

The answered is B

8.       PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

The past continuous tense is an important tense in English. We use it to say what we were in the middle of doing at a particular moment in the past.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE (were/was)  +  VERB-ing

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE  +  NOT  +  VERB-ing

·     QUESTIONS

TO BE  +  SUBJECT  +  VERB-ING?

Example  :

They ...... in the hotel for three days.

a.        Staying

b.        Have been staying

c.         Living

d.        Waiting

The answered is B

9.       PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAVE/HAS +  VERB-3

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAVE/HAS  +  NOT  +  VERB-3

·     QUESTIONS

HAVE/HAS  +  SUBJECT  +  VERB-3?

Example  :

We have lied here ..... three years.

a.        For

b.        Since

c.         Yet

d.        Now

The answered is A

10.  PAST PERFECT TENSE

The past perfect tense is used to show that one action in a sentence finishes before a second action begins. Words like before and after are indicators that the past perfect tense may be used; however, there are no strict rules for this situation. You must choose the best verb tense for your sentence.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAD +  VERB-3

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAD  +  NOT  +  VERB-3

·     QUESTIONS

HAD  +  SUBJECT  +  VERB-3?

Example  :

She ...... finished doing her homework when i phoned her.

a.        Have

b.        Has

c.         Had

d.        Is

The answered is C

11.  PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

This tense is used to talk about an action or actions that started in the past and continued until recently or that continue into the future.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAVE/HAS +  BEEN  + VERB-ING

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAVE/HAS  +  NOT  +  BEEN  + VERB-ING

·     QUESTIONS

HAVE/HAS  +  SUBJECT  +  BEEN  +  VERB-ING?

Example  :

How long has .... been waiting?

a.        You

b.        Rina and Nana

c.         He

d.        They

The answered is C

12.  PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The past perfect continuous tense indicates a continuous action that was completed at some point in the past. This tense is formed with the modal "HAD" plus "BEEN," plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending).

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAD +  BEEN  + VERB-ING

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAD  +  NOT  +  BEEN  + VERB-ING

·     QUESTIONS

HAD  +  SUBJECT  +  BEEN  +  VERB-ING?

Example  :

My friends had ..... the airport when i arrived.

a.        Go

b.        Went

c.         Leave for

d.        Left for

The answered is D

13.  FUTURE TENSE

There are several different ways in English that you can talk about the future.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL/SHALL  + VERB-1

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL/SHALL  +  NOT  + VERB-1

·     QUESTIONS

WILL/SHALL  +  SUBJECT  +  VERB-1?

Example  :

It will ..... this afternoon.

a.        Raining

b.        Rained

c.         Rain

d.        Rains

The answered is C

14.  FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

The future continuous relates one action in the future to another specific action or time.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL/SHALL BE  + VERB-ING

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL/SHALL  +  NOT  +  BE  +  VERB-ING

·     QUESTIONS

WILL/SHALL  +  SUBJECT  +  BE +  VERB-ING?

Example  :

Bella .... to the move when we arrived.

a.        Will be going

b.        Had gone

c.         Goes

d.        Went

The answered is B

15.  FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

The future perfect tense indicates that an action will have been completed (finished or "perfected") at some point in the future. This tense is formed with "will" plus "have" plus the past participle of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular in form): "I will have spent all my money by this time next year. I will have run successfully in three marathons if I can finish this one.”

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL/SHALL  +   HAVE +  VERB-3

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL/SHALL  +  NOT  +  HAVE  + VERB-3

·     QUESTIONS

WILL/SHALL  +  SUBJECT  +  HAVE  +  VERB-3?

Example  :

He will ..... his study by this time next March.

a.        Finished

b.        Has finished

c.         Have finished

d.        Be finish

The answered is C

16.  FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

We use the Future Perfect Continuous tense to express situations that will last for a specified period of time at a definite moment in the future. We also use this tense to express certainty about the cause of some future situation.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL +   HAVE BEEN +  VERB-ING

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL  +  NOT  +  HAVE  BEEN + VERB-ING

·     QUESTIONS

WILL  +  SUBJECT  +  HAVE BEEN  +  VERB-ING?

Example  :

Perhaps Tony will .... to the museum next week.

a.        Goes

b.        Go

c.         Has gone

d.        Going

The answered is B

17.  WILL AND TO BE GOING TO

A very confusing concept is when to use WILL and when to use BE GOING TO when we refer the future. Both refer to the future but there is a slight difference but in most cases they can be used interchangeably with no difference in meaning. Even if you misuse them, a native speaker is going to understand you without any problems.

WILL

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL  + VERB-1

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL  +  NOT  + VERB-1

·     QUESTIONS

WILL +  SUBJECT  +  VERB-1?

BE GOING TO

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE +  GOING TO + VERB-1

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE  +  NOT  +  GOING TO + VERB-1

·     QUESTIONS

TO BE  +  SUBJECT  +  GOING TO  +  VERB-1?

Example  :

I am sure Jane ..... to Indonesia next year.

a.        Will move

b.        Moving

c.         Has moved

d.        Moved

The answered is A

18.  SO, TOO, NEITHER, EITHER

·     SO

SO  +  AUXILIARY VERB  +  SUBJECT

·     TOO

SUBJECT  +  AUXILIARY VERB  +  TOO

·     NEITHER

NEITHER  +  AUXILIARY VERB  +  SUBJECT

·     EITHER

EITHER  +  AUXILIARY VERB  +  NOT  +  SUBJECT

Example  :

He came here last night, .... ?

a.        Did she

b.        So did they

c.         He does too

d.        So was she

The answered is B

19.  NOUN CLAUSES

A noun clause is a dependent clause that can be used in the same way as a noun or pronoun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverb clauses. (To check a noun clause substitute the pronoun it or the proper form of the pronouns he or she for the noun clause.)

Example  :

No one knows ..... he wanted to go there in such bad weather.

a.        Why

b.        Then

c.         Whom

d.        Which

The answered is A

20.  ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Adjective clauses (relative clauses) are like "sentences inside sentences." The "job" of adjective clauses is to modify (describe, identify, make specific) the noun phrases that they follow. In their full forms, adjective clauses have several parts: a relative pronoun (or, in some cases, another kind of connecting word), a subject, and a predicate (a verb and, often, other types of words which follow it).

Example  :

The house ..... they bought last month is very big.

a.        Whom

b.        Why

c.         Which

d.        Where

The answered is C

Sumber :
TOP TOEFL GRAMMAR STRATEGY ( Silvester Goridus Sukur)
http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/prescont.htm
http://www.grammar-monster.com