The structure section contains sentences that test your
knowledge of important structural and grammatical elements of standard written
English. These sentences include a variety of topics and give no particular
advantage to individuals in any specific field of study.
1. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
As the name
suggests indefinite pronouns are pronouns that are not definite in meaning. In
other words they are not specific in which noun they replace. They may be
singular or plural, and must match the verb in number. There are two categories
of indefinite pronouns. The first
category includes pronouns that refer to a nonspecific noun.
Example :
If ...... needs help, they can ask me.
a.
Anything
b. Everything
c.
Some
d. Anybody
The answered is D
2.
GERUND
This
looks exactly the same as a present participle, and for this reason it
is now common to call both forms 'the -ing form'. Howeverit is
useful to understand the difference between the two. The gerund always has the
same function as a noun (although it looks like a verb).
Example :
My
friend can ...... English very well.
a.
Speaking
b. Speak
c.
Spoke
d. To speak
The
answered is B
3. VERB +
PREPOSITION
Prepositional
verbs are a group of multi-word verbs made from a verb plus another word or
words. Many people refer to all multi-word verbs as phrasal verbs. Prepositional
verbs are made of:
verb + preposition
Because a preposition always has an object, all prepositional
verbs have direct objects.
Example :
Do you want to comment ...... this issue?
a.
To
b.
For
c.
On
d.
In
The
answered is C
4. ADVERBS
Adverbs
modify verbs. They tell you how
something is done, when
something is done, or where
something is done.
Example :
The
girl sang .....
a.
Beautiful
b.
Beautifully
c.
Beauty
d.
Nice
The
answered is B
5. SIMPLE
PRESENT TENSE
We
use the simple
present tense to talk about regular or habitual actions.
For
most verbs in the simple present tense, you must add an "s" to the
end of the verb for he/she/it, as in, "Devan hates the
holidays." However, for some verbs, you have to add es for he/she/it,
as in, "She
watches
a lot of TV," or, "He misses his mom." So how do you know when es
is necessary? One rule to remember is that any verb ending in ch, sh or ss needs an es, not s,
for he/she/it.
For the other pronouns, i/you/we/they,
regular verbs simply take the basic verb form.For example, "I play basketball," or, "We love watching movies." And
remember, you can always put an always in front of a simple present
verb to indicate that something happens all the time.
·
POSITIVE + TO BE
SUBJECT + TO
BE (am/is/are) + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES
· NEGATIVE + TO BE
SUBJECT + TO
BE + NOT + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES
·
QUESTIONS
TO BE +
SUBJECT + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES?
Example :
The
train ..... at seven o’clock in the evening tomorrow.
a.
Arrive
b.
Arriving
c.
Leave
d.
Arrives
The
answered is D
6. SIMPLE PAST
TENSE
The simple
past tense is used to talk about finished actions that happened at a specific
time in the past. You state when it happened using a time adverb.
You form the
simple past of a verb by adding -ed onto the end of a regular verb
but, irregular
verb forms have to be learnt.
·
POSITIVE + TO BE
SUBJECT +
WAS/WERE + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES
· NEGATIVE + TO BE
SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + NOT + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES
·
QUESTIONS
WAS/WERE +
SUBJECT + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES?
Example :
Were
you in Bali ...... ?
a.
Next week
b.
Now
c.
Last week
d.
This evening
The
answered is C
7. PRESENT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
The
present continuous tense is formed from the present tense of the verb be
and the present participle (-ing form) of a verb.
·
POSITIVE
SUBJECT + TO
BE (am/is/are) + VERB-ing
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + TO
BE + NOT + VERB-ing
·
QUESTIONS
TO BE +
SUBJECT + VERB-ING?
Example :
My
sister ....... (to be/sleep) right now.
a.
Is sleep
b.
Is sleeping
c.
Are sleep
d.
Sleeping
The
answered is B
8. PAST
CONTINUOUS TENSE
The
past
continuous tense is
an important tense in English. We use it to say what we were in the middle of
doing at a particular moment in the past.
·
POSITIVE
SUBJECT + TO
BE (were/was) + VERB-ing
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + TO
BE + NOT + VERB-ing
·
QUESTIONS
TO BE +
SUBJECT + VERB-ING?
Example :
They
...... in the hotel for three days.
a.
Staying
b.
Have been staying
c.
Living
d.
Waiting
The
answered is B
9. PRESENT
PERFECT TENSE
The
present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form
of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle
of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked.
·
POSITIVE
SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS
+ VERB-3
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + NOT + VERB-3
·
QUESTIONS
HAVE/HAS +
SUBJECT + VERB-3?
Example :
We
have lied here ..... three years.
a.
For
b.
Since
c.
Yet
d.
Now
The
answered is A
10. PAST PERFECT
TENSE
The
past perfect tense is used to show that one action in a sentence finishes
before a second action begins. Words like before and after
are indicators that the past perfect tense may be used; however, there are no
strict rules for this situation. You must choose the best verb tense for your
sentence.
·
POSITIVE
SUBJECT + HAD + VERB-3
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + HAD + NOT + VERB-3
·
QUESTIONS
HAD +
SUBJECT + VERB-3?
Example :
She
...... finished doing her homework when i phoned her.
a.
Have
b.
Has
c.
Had
d.
Is
The
answered is C
11. PRESENT
PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
This
tense is used to talk about an action or actions that started in the past and
continued until recently or that continue into the future.
·
POSITIVE
SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS
+ BEEN
+ VERB-ING
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + NOT + BEEN + VERB-ING
·
QUESTIONS
HAVE/HAS +
SUBJECT + BEEN + VERB-ING?
Example :
How
long has .... been waiting?
a.
You
b.
Rina and Nana
c.
He
d.
They
The
answered is C
12. PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
The past perfect continuous tense indicates a
continuous action that was completed at some point in the past. This tense is
formed with the modal "HAD" plus "BEEN," plus the present
participle of the verb (with an -ing ending).
·
POSITIVE
SUBJECT + HAD +
BEEN
+ VERB-ING
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + HAD + NOT + BEEN + VERB-ING
·
QUESTIONS
HAD +
SUBJECT + BEEN + VERB-ING?
Example :
My friends had ..... the airport when i arrived.
a.
Go
b.
Went
c.
Leave for
d.
Left for
The answered is D
13. FUTURE TENSE
There
are several different ways in English that you can talk about the future.
·
POSITIVE
SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL + VERB-1
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL
+ NOT + VERB-1
·
QUESTIONS
WILL/SHALL +
SUBJECT + VERB-1?
Example :
It
will ..... this afternoon.
a.
Raining
b.
Rained
c.
Rain
d.
Rains
The
answered is C
14. FUTURE
CONTINUOUS TENSE
The
future continuous relates one action in the future to another specific action
or time.
·
POSITIVE
SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL
BE + VERB-ING
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL
+ NOT + BE
+ VERB-ING
·
QUESTIONS
WILL/SHALL +
SUBJECT + BE + VERB-ING?
Example :
Bella
.... to the move when we arrived.
a.
Will be going
b.
Had gone
c.
Goes
d.
Went
The
answered is B
15. FUTURE
PERFECT TENSE
The future perfect tense indicates that an action
will have been completed (finished or "perfected") at some point in
the future. This tense is formed with "will" plus "have"
plus the past participle of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular
in form): "I will have spent all my money by this time next year. I
will have run successfully in three marathons if I can finish this one.”
·
POSITIVE
SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL + HAVE +
VERB-3
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL
+ NOT + HAVE +
VERB-3
·
QUESTIONS
WILL/SHALL +
SUBJECT + HAVE + VERB-3?
Example :
He will ..... his study by this time next March.
a.
Finished
b.
Has finished
c.
Have finished
d.
Be finish
The answered is C
16. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
We
use the Future Perfect Continuous
tense to express situations that will last for a specified period of time at a
definite moment in the future. We also use this tense to express certainty
about the cause of some future situation.
·
POSITIVE
SUBJECT + WILL
+ HAVE BEEN + VERB-ING
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + WILL
+ NOT + HAVE BEEN
+ VERB-ING
·
QUESTIONS
WILL +
SUBJECT + HAVE BEEN
+ VERB-ING?
Example :
Perhaps
Tony will .... to the museum next week.
a.
Goes
b.
Go
c.
Has gone
d.
Going
The
answered is B
17. WILL AND TO
BE GOING TO
A
very confusing concept is when to use WILL
and when to use BE GOING TO when
we refer the future. Both refer to the future but there is a slight difference but
in most cases they can be used interchangeably with no difference in meaning.
Even if you misuse them, a native speaker is going to understand you without
any problems.
WILL
·
POSITIVE
SUBJECT + WILL
+ VERB-1
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + WILL
+ NOT + VERB-1
·
QUESTIONS
WILL + SUBJECT + VERB-1?
BE GOING TO
·
POSITIVE
SUBJECT + TO
BE + GOING TO + VERB-1
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + TO
BE + NOT + GOING TO + VERB-1
·
QUESTIONS
TO BE +
SUBJECT + GOING TO + VERB-1?
Example :
I am sure Jane ..... to Indonesia next year.
a.
Will move
b.
Moving
c.
Has moved
d.
Moved
The answered is A
18. SO, TOO, NEITHER, EITHER
· SO
SO + AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT
· TOO
SUBJECT + AUXILIARY VERB + TOO
· NEITHER
NEITHER + AUXILIARY VERB +
SUBJECT
· EITHER
EITHER + AUXILIARY VERB + NOT +
SUBJECT
Example :
He came here last night, .... ?
a.
Did she
b.
So did they
c.
He does too
d.
So was she
The answered is B
19. NOUN CLAUSES
A
noun clause is a dependent clause that can be used in the same way as a
noun or pronoun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object,
appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of
the words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why,
whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that
some of these words also introduce adjective and adverb clauses. (To check a
noun clause substitute the pronoun it or the proper form of the pronouns
he or she for the noun clause.)
Example :
No
one knows ..... he wanted to go there in such bad weather.
a.
Why
b.
Then
c.
Whom
d.
Which
The
answered is A
20. ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES
Adjective
clauses (relative clauses) are like "sentences inside sentences."
The "job" of adjective clauses is to modify (describe, identify, make specific) the noun phrases that they follow.
In their full
forms, adjective clauses have several parts: a relative pronoun
(or, in some cases, another kind of connecting word), a subject, and
a predicate
(a verb and, often, other types of words which follow it).
Example :
The
house ..... they bought last month is very big.
a.
Whom
b.
Why
c.
Which
d.
Where
The answered is C
Sumber :
TOP TOEFL GRAMMAR STRATEGY ( Silvester Goridus Sukur)
http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/prescont.htm
http://www.grammar-monster.com
Sumber :
TOP TOEFL GRAMMAR STRATEGY ( Silvester Goridus Sukur)
http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/prescont.htm
http://www.grammar-monster.com
